Private U.S. Mints and in house metal refineries have numbered in the dozens over the years. Major minting errors from silver rounds to gambling tokens are very popular and eagerly sought by collectors. Erratic record keeping of mintage numbers and identifying which private mint produced major errors can be a challenge to research. It is in-fact on occasion impossible because many rounds and tokens were struck with no identification such as a specific mint's name, privy mark, or mintmark.

First is an undated $1 brass Horseshoe Casino (now Binions) gambling token. It is large multi struck die cap. The multiple strikes are best seen on the reverse. This token was struck by United Silver Mint (USM privy mark).





I have been unable to find any specific background or historical information on USM. If anyone has any information on USM, please do share. Interestingly, I have found this particular Horseshoe token was never intended for active play. This would explain its absence in circulated condition.

Next is a 1987 $1 token for the Gold Club casino located in Sparks, Nevada. It is both broadstruck and double struck. The second strike is also rotated 80 degrees.





Struck by the Letcher Mint (LM privy mark), it ceased operations in 1981 but appears to have re-opened several times up into the 1990's. The LM was located in Lancaster, CA. The LM privy mark on this token is located on the obverse at the 6 clock position.

Lastly is a 1994 $1 Morongo casino token from Cabazon, CA. It is a very large die cap with a brockage of the obverse design on the reverse. This token commemorates the 2nd Anniversary of the Morongo casino and is dated May 1994.





This Morongo token was struck by the Hoffman Mint (HH privy mark) and is located in Fort Lauderdale, FL. HH has been in operation for the last 35 years. HH designs and engraves dies. They also creates blanks and strike coins/tokens en masse. HH is a leader not only in this regard, but has also capitalized on currency changing machines affiliated with American Coin Changer. The HH privy mark is not present on this token due to the obverse brockage on the reverse.